Diabetes mellitus belongs to a group of endocrine diseases. The pathology develops when produced or effects on insulin tissues - a hormone of the pancreas island that contributes to the absorption of glucose. Sugar can accumulate in the blood (hyperglycemia) and urine (glycosuria).
A long violation of glucose disinfection leads to a disorder of all types of metabolism. The pathology of the island device often continues differently due to disorders of other organs and systems. The effects of small blood vessels, retina, kidneys and nervous system are characterized.
Diabetes mellitus usually shows a fairly high -profile metabolism and can be easily diagnosed. It is more difficult to identify the disease during the initial and preclinical stages when the patient's complaints are minimal or absent. To do this, it requires an in -depth purposeful study. Identifying the disease in early stages is an important condition for effective treatment and prevention.
If you have to conduct a comprehensive examination for endocrinopathy or are you only looking for diabetes for professional doctors. Patient services are experienced endocrinologists and laboratories with modern diagnostic equipment for high -precision research.
The main symptoms of diabetes mellitus
This disease is characterized by a number of complaints and objective properties detected by laboratory diagnostic tests. The first manifestation of diabetes is quite diverse. A group of separate signs or symptoms that may indicate the disease as follows:
- Specific metabolism - body weight change, thirst, increased urination, constant feeling of hunger;
- General gender -specific complaints - loss of strength, fatigue at minor loads, drowsiness, muscle weakness;
- dry skin, itching in the sex area, around the anus;
- Often recurring source, slow wound healing;
- painful dry mouth, feeling of swelling of the oral mucosa;
- the poor condition of the teeth, inadequate age;
- Neurites with impaired peripheral sensitivity;
- Changes in sexual, reproductive functions - attraction, infertility, birth of large babies;
- defeat of visuals;
- Complaints from the cardiovascular system.
Symptoms often do not cause anxiety in the patient and do not consider it necessary to consult a doctor. Occasionally, any manifestation of the disease is missing and hyperglycemia is only found during the planned examination.
Metabolic complaints are the most characteristic of the pathology of the island device:
- Polyuria (rapid urination). In hypoinsulinism, urine isolation often occurs in large quantities. Its daily volume exceeds 3 liters. Daily urination prevails without pain.
- Polydipsy (thirst). Increased thirst is due to dehydration. The amount of drunken liquid exceeds 3 liters. Patients often prefer sweetened drinks to strangle thirst.
- Weight change. Loss of body weight due to loss of fluid, proteins, fats, carbohydrates. Excessive weight can prevent the disease or contribute to its development.
- Polyfág (increased appetite). Sweet foods rich in carbohydrates are preferred. At the initial stage of the disease, hunger often appears in the form of painful seizures.
If pathological signs are found in the hospital of diabetics or a diagnostic center for targeted examination.
Factors affecting the formation of diabetes mellitus
There are two key points in the mechanisms of the development of diabetes that are different from which the disease is divided into:
- Low insulin production of the pancreas inseector cells.
- Violation of hormone ability to the body, cell immunity to insulin.
In insufficient insulin products, type 1 diabetes develops. This is based on gradual destruction of the islands of Langerganes (intraregional pancreas). This is the result of the body's autoimmune procedures - antibodies against insulin, secretory cell structures and enzymes.
Provocative factors for the formation of autoimmune disorders can serve:
- viral infections;
- Nutrition violation during pregnancy, feeding;
- unfavorable environmental situation;
- Stress operation.
Type 1 diabetes is more often diagnosed in young people. The first manifestation of pathology occurs when the death of intraregional cells exceeds 80%. The disease has a high risk of complications and all types of metabolism suffer significantly.
Type 2 diabetes occurs with the immunity of tissue receptors due to insulin. In this case, the hormone is reproduced in normal or slightly reduced quantities. The mechanism of such infringements is related to the originally lower insulin structure (hereditary predisposition) or the changes acquired, which results in a violation of signaling from receptors to the internal structure of the cell.
Provokes the development of type 2 disease:
- Inadequate diet, overdose;
- sedentary lifestyle;
- hypertension;
- alcohol consumption;
- age -related changes;
- obesity;
- Uncontrolled medication.
Diagnostic diagnostic methods
According to statistics, the population from all over the world is approx. 2, 5% suffer from diabetes. Much more is the number who has a latent course or is prone to the disease. Over time, identified hyperglycemia allows for the prevention of serious complications.
The main way to diagnose the disorder is laboratory tests. The most reliable sign of damaged metabolism is the increase in blood sugar levels, which is more than 6, 1 mmol/l and 2 hours after a meal above 11, 1 mmol/l. A glucosotolerant test should be used with dubious results.
We recommend that people under the age of 45 examine blood sugar at least every 3 years. An annual screening test is required for vulnerable persons:
- obesity;
- age after 45 years;
- hereditary predisposition;
- Increased glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides.
Patients with a risk group and one with an identified disease require a more thorough examination of laboratory and instrumental methods. Diabetes treatment centers or clinics equipment meets world diagnostic standards.
Modern clinics offer a variety of diabetes treatment programs aimed at identifying metabolic disorders and complications. They belong to:
- Biochemical blood tests (all required indicators - glucose, lipid spectrum, protein, transaminase, potassium, urea, creatinine, uric acid, calcium);
- Clinical blood test;
- urine analysis;
- Ophthalmologist checks;
- duplex scanning of the main arteries of the head;
- Endocrinologist consultation.
It is particularly important to study the level of glycated hemoglobin in the blood for long-term regulation of glucose (the past 2-3 months) and the quality of therapy. The test is included in the special care standard and should be done every 3 months in all diabetes.
The methodology of determining the indicator requires high quality equipment and the interpretation of the data. At the center of diabetes treatment, laboratory modern equipment allows for high precision tracking of results without being re -analyzed. Patient services are experienced professionals, a wide profile of diagnostic abilities, and the latest research and treatment technologies.
Diabetes treatment methods
There are no effective methods for complete healing. Most often, treatment of diabetes in the blood to achieve stable glucose levels, prevention of late complications and normalization of lipid blood spectrum and blood pressure.
All patients should follow the diet. It is recommended to limit fast carbohydrates, balances protein ratio (20%), fats (20%) and carbohydrates (60%). The calorie content of the food should be complied with physical activity. In mild cases, a diet can achieve compensation for pathology.
All patients are self -checking. Capillary blood sugar levels are determined by the patient itself with portable glucometers. The long -term monitoring of indicators and the efficiency of therapy is regulated by an endocrinologist.
Medication involves taking oral sugar fats and insulin therapy. Indications for Insulin Replacement Treatment:
- All patients with type 1 diabetes;
- efficiency of other types of treatment;
- Signs of decompensation of metabolic disorders;
- ketoacidosis;
- Intolerance to agents against oral sugar;
- Remote pancreas.
Criteria for compensation for metabolic disorders:
- Glyced hemoglobin levels are less than 7%.
- Blood glucose is an empty stomach at 5, 0-6, 5 mmol/l.
- Blood sugar level after 2 hours after a meal, as 8-10 mmol/l.
- Blood sugar before going to bed - less than 7, 5 mmol/l.
- Blood cholesterol - less than 4, 8 mmol/l.
- Triglycerides, which are as than 1, 7-1, 8 mmol/l.
- Arterial pressure - less than 130/80 mm Hg. pillar.
An important prerequisite for proper control over the disease is the choice of an experienced specialist. If you need to examine or treat hospital diabetes, carefully choose clinics that offer quality and professional services.